现代语言学学习笔记.docx

现代语言学学习笔记

第一章、绪论Introduction

1、语言学的主要分支是什么。每个分支的研究对象是什么？Linguisticsmainlyinvolvesthefollowingbranches:

Generallinguistics,whichisthestudyoflanguageasawholeandwhichdealswiththebasicconcepts,theories,descriptions,modelsandmethodsapplicableinanylinguisticstudy

Phonetics,whichstudiesthesoundsthatareusedinlinguisticcommunicationPhonology,whichstudieshowsoundsareputtogetherandusedincommunicationMorphology,whichstudiesthewayinwhichmorphemesarearrangedtoform

words

Syntax,whichstudieshowmorphemesandwordsarecombinedtoformsentencesSemantics,whichisthestudyofmeaninginlanguage.

Pragmatics,whichisthestudyofmeaningnotinisolation,butincontextofuseSociolinguistics,whichisthestudyoflanguagewithreferencetosocietyPsycholinguistics,whichisthestudyoflanguagewithreferencetotheworkingsof

mind.

Appliedlinguistics,whichisconcernedabouttheapplicationoflinguisticfindingsinlinguisticstudies;Inanarrowsense,appliedlinguisticsreferstotheapplicationoflinguisticprinciplesandtheoriestolanguageteachingandlearning,especiallytheteachingofforeignandsecondlanguages.

Otherrelatedbranchesareanthropologicallinguistics,neurologicallinguistics,mathematicallinguistics,andcomputationallinguistics.

2、现代语言学与传统语法有什么区别？

Traditionalgrammarisprescriptive;itisbasedonhigh(religious,literary)writtenlanguage.Itsetsmodelsforlanguageuserstofollow.ButModernlinguisticsisdescriptive;itsinvestigationsarebasedonauthentic,andmainlyspokenlanguagedata.Itissupposedtobescientificandobjectiveandthetaskoflinguistsissupposedtodescribethelanguagepeopleactuallyuse,whetheritiscorrectornot.

3、什么叫共时研究？什么叫历时研究？

ThedescriptionofalanguageatsomepointintimeisaSynchronicstudy;thedescription of a language as it changes through time is a diachronic study.Asynchronicstudyoflanguagedescrib