(4)--Population Genetics and Evolutio遗传与生活遗传与生活.pdf

(4)--Population Genetics and Evolutio遗传与生活遗传与生活.pdf

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22PopulationGeneticsand

EvolutionatthePopulation,

Species,andMolecularLevels

ChapTErOuTliNE

22.1TheHardy-WeinbergEquilibrium

DescribestheRelationship

ofAlleleandGenotype

FrequenciesinPopulations

22.2NaturalSelectionOperates

throughDifferential

ReproductiveFitnesswithina

Population

22.3MutationDiversifiesGenePools

22.4MigrationIsMovementof

OrganismsandGenesbetween

Populations

22.5GeneticDriftCausesAllele

FrequencyChangeby

SamplingError

22.6InbreedingAltersGenotype

Frequencies

22.7SpeciesandHigherTaxonomic

GroupsEvolvebytheInterplay

ofFourEvolutionaryProcesses

22.8MolecularEvolutionChanges

GenesandGenomes

through

Time

ESSENTialiDEaS

Modernhumans,representedbytheskullofHomosapienssapiensatthe

❚TheHardy-Weinbergequilibriumpredictsright,evolvedfromabranchofthehumanphylogenetictreethatgaverise

frequenciesofgenotypesinpopulations.toNeandertals,representedbytheskullofHomosapiensneanderthalensis

attheleft.NeandertalslivedinEuropeandAsiauntilabout30,000years

❚Theimpactofnaturalselectiononallele

ago,andrecentresearchcomparingthemodernhumanandNeandertal

frequenciescanbeestimated.genomesfindstell-taleevidenceofinterbreedingbetweenthelineages.

❚Theeffectofmutationsonallele

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