《大学物理简明教程》 课件 英文 10-3 Quantum Physics 3 Matter Wave.pptx

Inhis1924doctoralthesis,LouisdeBroglie(1892–1987)madetheastoundingsuggestionthatsincelightwavescouldexhibitparticle-likebehavior,particlesofmattershouldexhibitwave-likebehavior.DeBrogliewavelengthpisthemagnitudeofthe(relativistic)momentumoftheparticle.?Planck’sconstantMatterwave

DoesMatterReallyHaveaWavelengthThewavelengthofmatterwavesisverysmall.Thisiswhywedonotseetheminoureverydayexperience.Toseethediffractionofthematterwave,agratingofaverysmallgratingconstantisrequired(e.g.thespacebetweentwoatomsinacrystal)Thisisexactlyhowelectrondiffractionwasfirstfound!(Davisson–Germerexperiment)

Adustparticleofmass10?6gwithaspeed10m/sThiswavelengthissosmallthatnopossiblediffractionexperimentcouldeverdetectit.Dustparticles,baseball,andairplanesrevealverylittleoftheirwavelikeaspects.Electrons(me=9.1?10?31kg)movingataspeedof106m/s(typicalofelectronspeedinatoms)Ontheatomicscale,thewavelengthofelectronintheatomisinthesamescaleasinteratomicspacinginmatter…similartothatofX-rayPleasecalculatethedeBrogliewavelength:

DeBroglie’spredictionoftheexistenceofmatterwaveswasfirstverifiedexperimentallyin1927,byC.J.DavissonandL.H.GermerofBelltelephoneLaboratories,andindependentlybyGeorgeP.ThomsonofUniversityofAberdeeninScotland.ExperimentalEvidencefortheWavelikeBehaviorofMatterTargetElectronbeamScatteredelectronsMovableelectrondetectorFilamentWhenelectronsarescatteredbyacrystal,certainscatteringdirectionsarepreferred,asexpectedfromconstructiveinterferenceandsimilartothex-raydiffractionfromcrystals.

Fromdiffractiontheory,themaximumdiffractionsatisfiesFromdeBroglie’shypothesis,thewavelengthofthe“electronwave”Theoryagreeswithexperimentmeanselectronhaswavelikenature.IntheDavisson?Germerexperiment,thespacingbetween