李润生阅读和写作法则晚市公开课金奖市赛课一等奖课件.pptx

李润生高效雅思阅读7分法则;李润生老师微博;雅思阅读第二讲

;PLAY?IS?A?SERIOUS?BUSINESS？;

B.?????Butifplayisnotsimplyadevelopmentalhiccup,asbiologistsoncethought,whydiditevolve?Thelatestideasuggeststhatplayhasevolvedtobuildbigbrains.Inotherwords,playingmakesyouintelligent.Playfulness,itseems,iscommononlyamongmammals,althoughafewofthelarger-brainedbirdsalsoindulge.Animalsatplayoftenuseuniquesigns–tail-waggingindogs,forexample–toindicatethatactivitysuperficiallyresemblingadultbehaviorisnotreallyinearnest.Inpopularexplanationofplayhasbeenthatithelpsjuvenilesdeveloptheskillstheywillneedtohunt,mateandsocialiseasadults.Anotherhasbeenthatitallowsyounganimalstogetinshapeforadultlifebyimprovingtheirrespiratoryendurance.Boththeseideashavebeenquestionedinrecentyears.;C.?????Taketheexercisetheory.Ifplayevolvedtobuildmuscleorasakindofendurancetraining,thenyouwouldexpecttoseepermanentbenefits.ButByerspointsoutthatthebenefitsofincreasedexercisedisappearrapidlyaftertrainingstops,somanyimprovementinenduranceresultingfromjuvenileplaywouldbelostbyadulthood.‘Ifthefunctionofplaywastogetintoshape,’saysByers,‘theoptimumtimeforplayingwoulddependonwhenitwasmostadvantageousfortheyoungofaparticularspeciestodoso.Butitdoesn’tworklikethat.’Acrossspecies,playtendstopeakabouthalfwaythroughthesucklingstageandthendecline.;D.?????Thenthere’stheskills-traininghypothesis.Atfirstglance,playinganimalsdoappeartobepractisingthecomplexmanoeuvrestheywillneedinadulthood.Butacloserinspectionrevealsthisinterpretationastoosimplistic.Inonestudy,behaviouralecologistTimCaro,fromtheUniversityofCalifornia,lookedatthepredatoryplayofkittensandtheirpredatorybehaviourwhentheyreachedadulthood.Hefoundthatthewaythecatsplayedhadnosignifican