原创力文档- 1、本文档共123页，可阅读全部内容。
- 2、原创力文档（book118）网站文档一经付费（服务费），不意味着购买了该文档的版权，仅供个人/单位学习、研究之用，不得用于商业用途，未经授权，严禁复制、发行、汇编、翻译或者网络传播等，侵权必究。
- 3、本站所有内容均由合作方或网友上传，本站不对文档的完整性、权威性及其观点立场正确性做任何保证或承诺！文档内容仅供研究参考，付费前请自行鉴别。如您付费，意味着您自己接受本站规则且自行承担风险，本站不退款、不进行额外附加服务；查看《如何避免下载的几个坑》。如果您已付费下载过本站文档，您可以点击 这里二次下载。
- 4、如文档侵犯商业秘密、侵犯著作权、侵犯人身权等，请点击“版权申诉”（推荐），也可以打举报电话：400-050-0827(电话支持时间：9:00-18:30)。
临床研究设计方法北京协和医院普通内科方卫纲
联系方式Email：办公室：北京协和医院〔西院区〕普通内科：6915-8312
Epidemiology.2001,12(1):114-122.CausationofBias:TheEpiscopeFIGURE1.“TheEpiscope.”Auserofepidemiologicevidenceseesa“known”RD(kRD)thatresultsfrominformationtransmitted,likelightraysthroughatelescope,fromacausal(“aetiologic”)RD(aRD)inatargetpopulation,throughlayersof“lenses”and“filters.”Eachlayerisadistinctdomainwherecertaintypesofbiasesoperate,potentiallyaddingadditionaldistortionstotheassociationofinterest.DomainsathroughkareillustratedinFigures2-10.
A.Theoriginalcauseoftheimagetransmittedthroughtheepiscopeistheassociation(ifitexists)betweenthecausalagentandmorbidity.B.Otherbackgroundfactorscloudtheassociationrandomly.C.Inthesourcepopulation,theassociationofinterestcanbefurtherdistortedbycorrelatedcauses.Noneoftheabovephenomenaisobservablewithoutdiagnosesandexposuremeasurements,whichareproducedasfollows:D.Morbidityisacontributingcauseofdiagnoses,whicharerecordedinmedicalchartsordeathcertificates,aswellasself-reportedonquestionnaires.Thesediagnosesandrecordingshavevaryingsensitivitiesandspecificities.E.Theoccurrenceofthecausalagentisacontributingcauseoftheoccurrenceofevidenceofexposure,whichisrecordedviainterviews,self-administeredquestionnaires,administrativeforms,andotherinstrumentswithvaryingsensitivitiesandspecificities.
F.Dataondiagnosesandexposuresarecollatedbyvariousmeansintofilesanddatabases,usuallyforadministrativepurposesandsometimesspecificallyforepidemiologicstudies.G.Inadescriptivestudy,theselectionusuallyinvolvesgroupingsubjectsintovariousexposurelevelsandexaminingdiseaserates.Foracohortstudy,thedatabasemaybeusedforchoosingspecificexposuregroupstofollow.H.Thencomestheharvestingofnewcasesinacohortstudyor,analogously,t
文档评论（0）