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CorrosionofEmbeddedMetals
Corrosionofreinforcingsteelandotherembeddedmetalsistheleadingcauseofdeteriorationinconcrete.Whensteelcorrodes,theresultingrustoccupiesagreatervolumethanthesteel.Thisexpansioncreatestensilestressesintheconcrete,whichcaneventuallycausecracking,delamination,andspalling.
Steelcorrodesbecauseitisnotanaturallyoccurringmaterial.Rather,ironoreissmeltedandrefinedtoproducesteel.Theproductionstepsthattransformironoreintosteeladdenergytothemetal.
Steel,likemostmetalsexceptgoldandplatinum,isthermodynamicallyunstableundernormalatmosphericconditionsandwillreleaseenergyandrevertbacktoitsnaturalstate—ironoxide,orrust.Thisprocessiscalledcorrosion.
Forcorrosiontooccur,theseelementsmustbepresent:
Theremustbeatleasttwometals(ortwolocationsonasinglemetal)atdifferent
energylevels
anelectrolyte
ametallicconnection
Inreinforcedconcrete,therebarmayhavemanyseparateareasatdifferentenergylevels.Concreteactsastheelectrolyte,andthemetallicconnectionisprovidedbywireties,chairsupports,ortherebaritself.
Corrosionisanelectrochemicalprocessinvolvingtheflowofcharges(electronsandions).Atactivesitesonthebar,calledanodes,ironatomsloseelectronsandmoveintothesurroundingconcreteasferrousions.Thisprocessiscalledahalf-celloxidationreaction,ortheanodicreaction,andisrepresentedas:
2Fe→2Fe2++4e-
Theelectronsremaininthebarandflowtositescalledcathodes,wheretheycombinewithwaterandoxygenintheconcrete.Thereactionatthecathodeiscalledareductionreaction.Acommonreductionreactionis:
2H2O+O2+4e-→4OH-
Tomaintainelectricalneutrality,theferrousionsmigratethroughtheconcreteporewatertothesecathodicsiteswheretheycombinetoformironhydroxides,orrust:
22Fe2++4OH-→2Fe(OH)
2
Thisinitialprecipitatedhydroxid
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