浙江大学 普通化学 化学原理 英文课件Chapters 11 12液体和固体：结构和性质.pptVIP

CarbondioxideLiquidsandSolids:StructureProperties(Chap1112)

solidliquidgasIntermolecularforceshydrogenbondingThreeStatesofMatterAphase(相)isahomogeneouspartofthesystemandhasawell-definedboundarywithotherparts.Howmanyphases?Howarethemoleculesheldtogether?

1.IntermolecularForcesVanderWaalsforces(1)dipole-dipoleandion-dipoleforces取向力m=1.87DOHH

诱导力?ionchargeordipolestrength,andpolarizability.+(2)Induceddipoleforces++诱导力(3)Instantaneousdipoleforces色散力Polarizability:easeofelectrondistortion,proportionaltothenumberofelectronsandmolecularsize.Both诱导力and色散力arecalledDispersionforcesthatincreasesusuallywithmolarmass.

SOOWhattype(s)ofintermolecularforcesexistbetweeneachofthefollowingmolecules?HBrHBrisapolarmolecule:dipole-dipole,induceddipole,andinstantaneousdipoleforces.CH4CH4isnonpolar:onlyinstantaneousdipoleforces.SO2SO2isapolarmolecule:dipole-dipole,induceddipole,andinstantaneousdipoleforces.

2.HydrogenBondhydrogenbondisaspecialdipole-dipoleinteractionbetweenHandhighelectronegativeatom(O,N,orF).

Whyisthehydrogenbondconsidereda“special”dipole-dipoleinteraction?DecreasingmolarmassDecreasingboilingpoint

3.PropertiesofLiquidsSurfacetension(表面张力）istheamountofenergyrequiredtostretchorincreasethesurfaceofaliquidbyaunitarea.Strongintermolecularforces,then,highsurfacetension.11.3

H2OHgCapillaryaction(2)Cohesion(内聚力)istheinter-attractionbetweenlikemoleculesAdhesion(粘合力)istheintra-attractionbetweenunlikemolecules11.3CohesionAdhesionAdhesionCohesion

(3)Viscosityisameasureofafluid’sresistancetoflow.11.3Viscosityincreaseswithintermolecularforces,butdecreaseswithtemperature.

QuartzNon-crystallineSiO2(glass)CrystallineSiO2(quartz)4.StructureofsolidsAcrystallinesolidhasarigidandlong-rangeorderinarrangementofatoms,ionso