地质类文章背景知识.doc

地质类背景材料补充

一、词汇补充：

geologist(geologician)地质学家

crust地壳

continentalcrust大陆地壳

oceaniccrust海洋地壳

layer(stratum;复数strata)地层

mantle地幔

core地核

plate板块

platetectonics板块构造论

fault断层

disintegration(decomposition)分解

erosion侵蚀

fossil化石

rock岩石

sedimentaryrock沉积岩

metamorphicrock变质岩

quartz石英

limestone石灰岩

marble大理石

granite花岗岩

magma岩浆

prospect勘探

sounding测探

mine采矿

mineral矿物

ore矿石

deposit矿床

platinum白金;铂

copper黄铜

aluminum铝

zine锌

nickel镍

mercury(quicksilver)汞;水银

gem宝石

diamond钻石

glacier冰川

glacial冰川的

glacialepoch(age,period)冰川期

glacialdrift冰碛

iceberg冰山

(ice)sheet冰原;冰盖

frigid(refrigerated;freezing)寒冷的

thaw(melt)融化

retreat后退

terminate(end)结束

volcano火山

activevolcano活火山

extinctvolcano死火山

eruption火山喷发

crater火山口

lava火山岩浆

scoria火山渣

volcanic火山的

igneousrock火成岩

solidified固体化

molten熔融的

wells向上涌

interior（地球）内部

coarse-grained纹理粗糙

fine-grained纹理细致

erosion腐蚀

crystal晶体

二、背景知识

Tectonicplates

Thelithosphere,whichistherigidoutermostshellofaplanet(thecrustanduppermantle),isbrokeninto?\oListoftectonicplatestectonicplates.TheEarthslithosphereiscomposedofsevenoreightmajorplates(dependingonhowtheyaredefined)andmanyminorplates.Wheretheplatesmeet,theirrelativemotiondeterminesthetypeofboundary:?\oConvergentboundaryconvergent,?\oDivergentboundarydivergent,or?\oTransformfaulttransform.?\oEarthquakeEarthquakes,?\oVolcanovolcanicactivity,?\oMountainmountain-building,and?\oOceanictrenchoceanictrench?formationoccuralongtheseplateboundaries(or?\oFault(geology)faults).Therelativemovementoftheplatestypicallyrangesfromzeroto100?mmannually.

Tectonicplatesarecomposedofoceaniclithosphereandthickercontinentallithosphere,eachtoppedbyitsownkindof?\oCrust(geology)crust.Alongconvergentboundaries,?\oSubductionsubduction,oroneplatemovingunderanother,carriestheloweronedownintothe?\o