2型糖尿病文献综述范文模板例文.pdfVIP

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2型糖尿病文献综述范文模板例文

EnglishAnswer:

Introduction.

Type2diabetesmellitus(T2DM)isachronicmetabolic

disordercharacterizedbyhyperglycemiaandinsulin

resistance.Itisamajorglobalhealthconcern,affecting

approximately463millionpeopleworldwide.T2DMisa

highlyprevalentdiseasewithsignificantmorbidityand

mortality,accountingfor1.5milliondeathsannually.The

diseaseisassociatedwithvariouscomplications,including

cardiovasculardisease,nephropathy,neuropathy,and

retinopathy.

Pathophysiology.

InsulinresistanceistheprimarydefectinT2DM.

Insulinresistancereferstothereducedresponsivenessof

tissues,particularlymuscleandliver,tothemetabolic

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actionsofinsulin.Asaresult,glucoseuptakeand

utilizationareimpaired.Thepancreasinitially

compensatesbyincreasinginsulinsecretiontomaintain

glucosehomeostasis.However,overtime,thepancreasfails

tomeettheincreasedinsulindemand,leadingto

hyperglycemia.Beta-celldysfunctionisanotherfactor

contributingtoT2DM,characterizedbyimpairedinsulin

secretionandreducedinsulinsensitivity.

RiskFactors.

VariousfactorscontributetothedevelopmentofT2DM,

including:

Genetics:Familyhistoryandspecificgeneticvariants

increasetheriskofT2DM.

Obesity:ObesityisstronglylinkedtoT2DM,asit

promotesinsulinresistanceandinflammation.

Age:TheriskofT2DMincreaseswithage,especially

after45years.

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Physicalinactivity:Regularphysicalactivity

improvesinsulinsensi