昆工环境工程微生物课件.ppt

**微生物个体微小，对外界环境很敏感，抗逆性较差，很容易受到各种不良外界环境的影响；另外，微生物的结构简单，缺乏免疫监控系统,很容易变异。微生物的遗传不稳定性，在自然条件下，微生物的自发突变频率为10-6左右。微生物的遗传稳定性差，利与弊（菌种保藏，微生物菌种培育）。*Microorganismscanbefoundalmostanywhere***Asscientists,weshowatypicalhumanpenchantfortryingtoorganizeandcategorizethings.Weextendthishabiteventothemicrobeswhichsurroundus.Presently,westilluseamicrobialclassificationschemewhichisverytraditionalanddividesthemicroorganismsintofivemajortaxonomicgroups.Themostrecentsuggestionsdividetheolder“bacteria”groupintotwodomains(ataxonomiclevelhigherthanakingdom)thebacteriaandArchaea,whileassigningthealgae,fungi,andprotozoatobepartofthedomainEucarya,thevirusesandsomeoftheirbiologicalrelatives,previouslyneverallowedshelterwithinanykingdom,couldfitintotheproposeddomainAkamara.However,fromtheviewpointofenvironmentalmicrobiology,themostimportantaspectisourincreasingunderstandingthatwithinecosystemsthesegroupsofmicroorganismsnaturallyorganizeamongthemselvesastheygoabouttheirinteractionsbothwithoneanotherandwiththemicroorganisms**cryostorage**EMisthestudyofmicroorganismswhichexistinnaturalorartificialenvironments.Environmentalmicrobiologyisthestudyofthecompositionandphysiologyofmicrobialcommunitiesintheenvironment.Theenvironmentinthiscasemeansthesoil,water,airandsedimentscoveringtheplanetandcanalsoincludetheanimalsandplantsthatinhabittheseareas.Environmentalmicrobiologyalsoincludesthestudyofmicroorganismsthatexistinartificialenvironmentssuchasbioreactors.*ThewordisfromtheLatinvirusreferringtopoisonandothernoxioussubstances,firstusedinEnglishin1392.[9]Virulent,fromLatinvirulentus(poisonous),datesto1400.[10]Ameaningofagentthatcausesinfectiousdiseaseisfirstrecordedin1728,[9]beforethediscoveryofvirusesbyDmitryIvanovsky