非常规油气藏勘探开发技术国际培训班培训资料（英文）11A_非常规储层增产（Stimulation of Unconventional Reservoirs）.pdfVIP

Stimulationof

UnconventionalReservoirs

IntroductiontoUnconventionalFracturing

•Hydraulicfracturinghasbeenaroundforover60+years.

•ThesuccessfulimplementationofthistechnologyintheBarnettshaleduring

1990sstartedaneweraineconomicdevelopmentofunconventionalresources

•UnconventionalVersusConventionalHydraulicFracturing:“Thereareno

optimum,one-size-fits-allcompletionorstimulationdesignsforshalewells.”

(King2010.)

•Thesuccessofhydraulicfracturingmarkedtheadventofawholenewclassof

reserves—unconventionalreservoirs

•Threetypesofunconventionalreservoirsexist:

1.Sandstoneandcarbonateoilandgasreservoirs.Theonlymaindifferencetoconventional

reservoirsisverylowpermeability(thiscategoryincludestightgas).

2.Coalbedmethane(CBM),alsoreferredtoascoalseammethaneorCSM.Thesereservoirs

consistofgasreleasedduringtheformationofcoalthathasnotmigratedintootherformations.

3.Shaleoilandgasreservoirs.Thesearereservoirsofalmostnonativepermeability,whichare

generallythesourcerockfortheoiland/orgasandfromwhichtheoiland/orgashasnot

significantlymigrated.

GeneralOutlineofThisSection

•Thissectionwillconcentrateontheaspectsoffracturingassociated

withthestimulationofshaleoilandshalegasreservoirs.

•Itwillconcentrateonthematerialsusedinfracturingunconventional

reservoirs

•Treatmentdesign

•Geomechanics(thoughalreadycovered)

•Fracturemodeling

•Perforationstrategy

•Calibrationanddiagnostictests(DFIT),and

•Finallyunconventionalfracturingoperations.

Statistics

•TheUSlandfracturingindustryused95+billionlbs.ofproppantand

fracturingsand:itisavolumesufficienttocoveranNFLfootballfieldto

adepthofjustoverthreemiles

•TheNorthAmericanfracturin