阶段考试一试卷库有答案.pdfVIP

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Forindustrialpurposes,materialscanbedividedintoengineeringmaterialsandnon-

engineeringmaterials.Engineeringmaterialsarethoseusedinmanufacturingandwillbecomeparts

ofproductsthroughdefiniteprocessing.Ingenerally,engineeringmaterialsmaybefurther

subdividedintometals,ceramics,compositesandpolymers.

Metals.Commonmetalsaregold,silver,copper,iron,nickel,aluminum,magnesiumand

titanium,etc.Amongthesemetals,goldandsilverarepreciousmetals;ironandnickelareic;

aluminum,magnesiumandtitaniumarecommonlycalledlightmetals.Ofcourse,metalmaterials

areseldomusedintheirpurestates.Alloyscontainmorethanonemetallicelement.Theirproperties

canbemodifiedbychangingtheelementcontentspresentinthem.Examplesofalloysinclude

stainlesssteelswhicharealloysofFe,NiandCr;andbrasswhichisanalloyofCuandZn.In

addition,metalmaterialscanalsobebroadlydividedintotwogroups,i.e.ferrousmetalsand

nonferrousmetals.Ferrousmetalsoftenrefertoironalloysandnonferrousmetalsincludeallother

metallicmaterials.

Nanomaterialsrefertothosematerials,atleastoneofwhosethreedimensionsisatthenano-

scales(1-100nm)andhencewemayhavenano-powders,nano-fibersanno-films.Theywere

firstinvestigatedintheearly1980s.However,wecannotclassifiedtheminnatureasdistinctfrom

otherfourcommonengineeringmaterials,i.e.metals,ceramics,compositeandmacromolecular

materials,becausevariousnano-materialsdevelopedsofarareallcomposedofoneorcombination

oftheabovefourmaterials.Nevertheless,whenthesizesofsomecommonmaterialsarere