SCI论文写作与投稿 第2版-课件 3-SCI论文引言写作 .pptx

;;;;;;;;;;;;;Introduction

Influenzavirusesarenegative-senseRNAviruses,whosegenomecompriseseightgenesegments:basicpolymerase2(PB2),basicpolymerase1(PB1),acidicpolymerase(PA),hemagglutinin(HA),nucleoprotein(NP),neuraminidase(NA),matrix(M),andnonstructuralprotein(NS).Eachgenesegmentencodesoneortwoproteins.InfluenzaAvirusesarecategorizedintodifferentsubtypesonthebasisofantigenicdifferencesintheirtwosurfaceglycoproteins:HAandNA.Currently,16differentHAand9differentNAsubtypesofinfluenzaviruseshavebeendetectedinavianspecies,butonlythreesubtypes,namelyH1N1,H2N2,andH3N2,havecausedinfluenzapandemicsinhumans[1,2].

Inthelasttwodecades,avianinfluenzavirusesoftheH5N1andH7N9subtypeshavecontinuedtopresentchallengestothepoultryindustryandhumanhealth.TheH5N1highlypathogenicavianinfluenzaviruseshavecausedinfectionsanddiseaseoutbreaksamongpoultryandwildbirdsinover60countriesaroundtheworld[3,4],andhavesporadicallyjumpedtohumansandcausedseverediseaseanddeaths[5].SeveralstudieshaveindicatedthattheH5N1influenzaviruseswillbecometransmissibleinmammalsiftheyacquiremoremutationsintheirHAproteinthatallowthemtorecognizehuman-typereceptorsandthemutationoflysine(K)atposition627oftheirPB2[6-8],oriftheyreassortwithhumaninfluenzaviruses[9].

H7N9subtypeviruseshavecausedseverehumaninfectionsanddeathseveryyearinChinasincetheyemergedin2013[10].Epidemiologystudieshaveshownthathumansbecomeinfectedmainlythroughexposuretovirus-infectedpoultryoracontaminatedenvironment[11-15].BiologicstudiesonH7N9viruseshaverevealedseveralimportantcharacters:(i)thevirusescanreplicateefficientlyinchickensbutdonotcausediseaseinanyavianspecies[16];(ii)mostofthevirusescanbindhuman-typereceptors[16-19],mainlybecausetheybearvaline(V)atpos