英语专业八级（阅读理解）练习试题及答案.pdfVIP

英语专业八级（阅读理解）练习试题及答案

卷面总分：70分答题时间：45分钟试卷题量：7题练习次数：0?

次

一、答题（共7题，共70分）

1.

AsGilbertWhite,Darwin,andothersobservedlongago,allspecies

appeartohavetheinnatecapacitytoincreasetheirnumbersfrom

generationtogeneration.Thetaskforecologistsistountanglethe

environmentaandbiologicalfactorsthatholdthisintrinsiccapacityfor

populationgrowthincheckoverthelongrun.Thegreatvarietyof

dynamicbehaviorsexhibitedbydifferentpopulationmakesthistaskmore

difficult:sompopulationsremainroughlyconstantfromyeartoyear

othersexhibitregularcyclesofabundanceandscarcitystillothersvary

wildly,withoutbreaksandcrashesthatareinsomecasesplainly

correlatedwiththeweather,andinothercasesnot.Toimposesome

orderonthiskaleidoscopeofpatterns,oneschoolofthought

proposesdividingpopulationsintotwogroups.Theseecologistsposit

thattherelativelysteadypopulationshavedensity-dependentgrowth

parametersthatis,ratesofbirth,death,andmigrationwhichdepend

stronglyonpopulationdensity.Thehighlyvaryingpopulationshave

density-independentgrowthparameters,withvitalratesbuffetedby

environmentaleventstheseratesfluctuateinawaythatiswholly

independentofpopulationdensity.Thisdichotomyhasitsuses,butit

cancauseproblemsiftakentooliterally.Foronething,nopopulation

canbedrivenentirelybydensity-independentfactorsallthetime.No

matterhowseverelyorunpredictablybirth,death,andmigration

ratesmaybefluctuatingaroundtheirlong-termaverages,iftherewere

nodensity-dependenteffects,thepopulationwould,inthelongrun,

eitherincreaseordecreasewithoutbound(barringa