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We’regoingtostartoutdiscussionofpoetryinWesternEuropewithTheIliad

andTheOdyssey.Thesetwogreatpoemsstandoutasgreatexamplesofthe

earliestEuropeanpoems.Theyarebelievedtohavebeenwrittensometime

ween800BCand700BC,partlybecausethepoemsrefertothesocial

conditionsofthattime,conditionsthathavebeenvalidatedbythefindingsof

archeologists.Butjustwhowasthepoetwholaiddownthesecornerstonesof

westernliterature?Well,traditionascribesthemtoamannamedHomer,butwe

knowvirtuallynothingaboutthisHomer.Infact,somesaythatsuchapoet

neverexistedatall,thatneithertheIliadnortheOdysseywaswrittenbya

singlepoet,butrather,eachpoemiscomposedofthewritingofseveralpeople.

This,anyway,wastheviewofaschoolofliterarycriticsinthe18thcentury

knownastheAnalysts.TheAnalystspointedtointernalevidencesuchas

variationsintheliterarydevicesusedinthepoemtoarguethateachworkwas

infactacollectionofseveralpoemsbyseveralGreekauthors.Opposingthe

AnalystswereasecondgroupofscholarscalledtheUnitarian.Theyinsistedthat

theIliadandtheOdysseycouldwellhavebeentheworkofsinglepoeticgenius.

Tosupporttheirargument,theystressedamongotherthings,theconsistency

ofthecharactersportrayedinthepoetry.Thiswouldn’thavebeenpossible,they

said,iftheywerewrittenbymanydifferentstories.Nowhowwelookatthe

HomericquestiontodayhasbeengreatlyinfluencedbysomeonenamedMilman

Parry,anAmericanscholarwhofirstpresentedhisideasaboutHomerinthe

1930s.Solet’stakealookatParry’sresearchandhowitaffectswhat

modern-dayscholarsthinkaboutHomer.

生词摘录：

1.TheIliad:《伊利亚特》(古希腊描写特洛