中国人民大学《政治哲学》课件-PoliPhil2022_Democracy .pdfVIP

CHAPTERTWO:

DEMOCRACY

PLATO:ANTI-DEMOCRACY

“ONTHEACTOFRULING”

VIRTUESOFTHERULERS

Politicallyskillful;

Knowledgableexperts;

Disinterestedandunbiased

Whywouldtheguardianwanttoruleanyway?

OTHERANTI-DEMOCRACY

REASONS

Tyrannyofmajority

Mediocracy

Ineffectivegovernance

Deepeneddisagreement

Massirrationality

AGAIN,WHYDOWENEED

DEMOCRACY?

WHATISIT,“DEMOCRACY”?

CONCEPTIONSOFDEMOCRACY

WRITEDOWNANEXAMPLE–HISTORICALORCURRENT,

FICTIONALORREAL–OFTHEMOSTDEMOCRATICAND

OFTHEMOSTUNDEMOCRATICSITUATION,INSTITUTION,

ORPRACTICEYOUCANTHINKOF.

Stockmarket,Loyalfamily,Legalcourt,Universityclass,

Marriage,Dormcohabitation,Prisoners,Amateursoccer

team,Gamblersincasinos;WeChatGroup;Slavery;

DEMOCRACY

“Ruleofthepeople,Bythepeople,Forthepeople”

CANWEHAVEALLTHREE?

LIBERAL

DEMOCRACY

LIBERTYANDDEMOCRACY

Libertytodemocracy:libertytovote,torunforoffice,toform

parties;

democracytoliberty:keepgovernmentaccountabletopeople;

VOTING

WHAT’SVOTINGFOR?

Tounderstandtruthandcommongoods;

Tosolveconflictsofinterestsandcompromise.

Toregisterfreeconsent;

FEATURESOFVOTE-BASED

DEMOCRACY

expressionofindividualwills;

preferenceformedinisolation;

aggregationasthecollectivity;

extremeequality；

PROBLEM?

THECONDORCETPARADOX

SupposeVoter1prefersAtoBtoC.

SupposeVoter2prefersBtoCtoA.

SupposeVoter3prefersCtoAtoB

ARROW’SGENERAL

IMPOSSIBILITY

Itisimpossibletoformulateasocialpreferenceorderingthatsatisfiesallofthe

followingconditions:

1.

Thepreferencesofanindividualshouldnotbecomethegrouprankingwithout

consideringthepreferencesofothers.

2.Eachindividualshouldbeabletoorderthechoicesinanyway；

3.Ifeveryindividualprefersonechoicetoanother,thenthegrouprankingshould

dothesa