操作系统操作系统ch03.pdfVIP

CHAPTER3

Inthischapterweintroducetheconceptsofaprocessandconcurrentexecution;Theseconceptsareatthe

veryheartofmodernoperatingsystems.Aprocessisaprograminexecutionandistheunitofworkina

moderntime-sharingsystem.Suchasystemconsistsofacollectionofprocesses:Operating-systemprocesses

executingsystemcodeanduserprocessesexecutingusercode.Alltheseprocessescanpotentiallyexecute

concurrently,withtheCPU(orCPUs)multiplexedamongthem.ByswitchingtheCPUbetweenprocesses,the

operatingsystemcanmakethecomputermoreproductive.Wealsointroducethenotionofathread

(lightweightprocess)andinterprocesscommunication(IPC).ThreadsarediscussedinmoredetailinChapter

4.

Exercises

3.1Describethedifferencesamongshort-term,medium-term,andlong-termscheduling.

Answer:

a.Short-term(CPUscheduler)—selectsfromjobsinmemorythosejobsthatarereadytoexecuteand

allocatestheCPUtothem.

b.Medium-term—usedespeciallywithtime-sharingsystemsasanintermediateschedulinglevel.A

swappingschemeisimplementedtoremovepartiallyrunprogramsfrommemoryandreinstate

themlatertocontinuewheretheyleftoff.

c.Long-term(jobscheduler)—determineswhichjobsarebroughtintomemoryforprocessing.

Theprimarydifferenceisinthefrequencyoftheirexecution.Theshort-termmustselectanewprocessquite

often.Long-termisusedmuchlessoftensinceithandlesplacingjobsinthesystemandmaywaitawhilefor

ajobtofinishbeforeitadmitsanotherone.

3.2Describetheactionstakenbyakerneltocontext-switchbetweenprocesses.

Answer:

Ingeneral,theoperatingsystemmustsavethestateofthecurrentlyrunningprocessandrestorethestateof

theprocessscheduledtoberunnext.SavingthestateofaprocesstypicallyincludesthevaluesofalltheCPU

registersinadditiontomemoryallocation.Context