新编简明语言学导论教程课件Chapter-4.pptVIP

ChapterFour

Syntax

Morphology:theinternalcompositionofaword;E.g.:daybreak,contribution,talks…*sensenon,manchair,toin…Syntax:thecombinationofwords.E.g.:Theblackbirdsfearthecriesofthehunter.*Thecriesfeartheblackbirdsofthehunter.

Syntaxisthestudyoftherulesgoverningthewaysdifferentconstituentsarecombinedtoformsentencesinalanguage,orthestudyoftheinterrelationshipsbetweenelementsinsentencestructures.

CategoryItreferstoagroupoflinguisticitemswhichfulfillthesameorsimilarfunctionsinaparticularlanguagesuchasasentence,anounphraseoraverb.(ourbook)

CategoryMorespecifically,itreferstothedefiningpropertiesofgeneralunits.

CategoryThetermcategoryreferstothedefiningpropertiesofthesegeneralunits:Categoriesofthenoun:number,gender,caseandcountabilityCategoriesoftheverb:tense,aspect,voice

sentenceclausephrasewordmorpheme

CategoryWord-levelTraditionally,partsofspeech;Now,wordclass.

Word-levelcategoriesMajorlexicalcategories:N,V,Adj,Prep.MinorLexicalcategories:Det,Deg,Qual,Auxi,Conj.

ThecriteriaonwhichcategoriesaredeterminedMeaningInflectionDistribution

PhrasecategoriesPhrasecategories----thesyntacticunitsthatarebuiltaroundacertainwordcategoryarecalledphrasecategories;suchasNP(N),VP(V),AP(A),PP(P).

PhrasecategoriesThethreetallestgirlsHasbeendoingExtremelydifficultTothedooroftenhavenoodlesforlunchAbouttwodaysNPVPAPPPVPPP

PhrasestructuresThestructure:specifier+head+complementHead----thewordaroundwhichaphraseisformedSpecifier----thewordsontheleftsideoftheheadsComplement----thewordsontherightsideoftheheads

PhrasestructurerulesThegrammaticalmechanismthatregulatesthearrangementofelementsthatmakeupaphraseiscalledaphrasestructurerule,

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