2021年全国硕士研究生招生考试《英语二》答案及解析.pdfVIP

一、单选题

根据下面资料，回答1-20题

 It’snotdifficulttosettargetsforstaff.Itismuchharder, 1 ,tounderstandtheir

negativeconsequences.Mostwork-relatedbehaviorshavemultiplecomponents. 2 

oneandtheothersbecomedistorted. TravelonaLondonbusandyou’ll 3 see

howthisworkswithdrivers.Watchpeoplegetonandshowtheirtickets.Arethey

carefullyinspected?Never.Dopeoplegetonwithoutpaying?Ofcourse!Arethere

inspectorsto 4 thatpeoplehavepaid?Possibly,butveryfew.Andpeoplewhorun

forthebus?Theyare 5 .Howaboutjumpinglights?Busesdosoalmostas

frequentlyascyclists. Why?Becausethetargetis 6 .Peoplecomplainedthatbuses

werelateandinfrequent. 7 ,thenumberofbusesandbuslaneswereincreased,and

driverswere 8 orpunishedaccordingtothetimetheytook.Anddrivershitthese

targets.Butthey 9 hitcyclists.Ifthetargetwaschangedto 10 ,youwouldhave

moreinspectorsandmoresensitivepricing.Ifthecriterionchangedtosafety,youwould

getmore 11 driverswhoobeyedtrafficlaws.Butboththesecriteriawouldbeatthe

expenseoftime. Thereisanother 12 :peoplebecameimmenselyinventivein

hittingtargets.Haveyou 13 thatyoucanleaveonaflightanhourlatebutstillarrive

ontime?Tailwinds?Ofcoursenot!Airlineshavesimplychangedthetimea 14 is

meanttotake.Aone-hourflightisnowbilledasatwo-hourflight. The 15 ofthe

storyissimple.Mostjobsaremultidimensional,withmultiplecriteria.Chooseone

criterionandyoumaywell 16 others.Everythingcanbedonefasterandmade

cheaper,butthereisa 17 .Settingtargetscananddoeshaveunforeseennegative

consequences. Thisisnotanargumentagainsttarget-setting.Butitisanargumentfor

exploringconsequencesfirst.Allgoodtargetsshouldhavemultiplecriteria 18 

criticalfactorssuchastime,money,qualityandcustomerfeedback.Thetrickisnotonly

to