法律英语（第9课Civil Procedure）.pptxVIP

Lesson9CivilProcedure学习目标TheobjectiveofthelessonistointroducethecivilprocedureoftheUnitedStatesandtherelevantterms.Studentsarerequiredtousethelegaltermstomakestatementsaboutthesubstantivelawandtheprocedurallaw

TextCivilProcedureCivilprocedureintheUnitedStateshasthreedistinctivefeatures.First,itfollowsanadversarialmodelofdisputeresolution.Partiesinitiateandpropellitigationinthismodel,andthejudge,historicallyandatleastintheory,playstherelativelypassiveroleofumpire.Theburdenisonthepartiestopresenttheirgrievancesanddefenses.Unlikeinso-calledinquisitorialmodelsofdisputeresolution,thejudgerarelymakesindependentinquires.Theburdenisalsoonthepartiestoprosecutetheirgrievancesanddefenses;litigationstopsLesson9CivilProcedure

unlessthepartiespursueit.Indeed,somescholarshavearguedthatrecentproceduralrulechangeshaveunderminedjudicialevaluationofthemeritsoflawsuitsandtherebyvastlyexpandedattorneysopportunitiestotwistprocedureandsubstanceonbehalfoftheirclients.Thesecharacteristicsofoursystemofdisputeresolutionplaceonlawyersaheavyresponsibilityforassuringjusticeandmasteringcivilprocedure.Second,civilprocedureintheUnitedStatesisdominatedbypositivelaw:codifiedrulesenactedbylegislaturesortheirdelegates.Incontrast,thesubstantiverulesofdecisionaremoreoftendoctrinal:declaredbycourtsaspartofthecommonlaw.Lesson9CivilProcedure

Onedifferencebetweenpositiveandcommonlawliesinthematerialscontainingthelegalrules.Thecommon-lawmaterialsarealmostentirelyjudicialopinions,andtheappropriateinquiryis:whatrulebestfitsthecase?Incontrast,positivelawmaterialsareenactedlawsorproceduralrulesandtheirlegislativehistory.Finally,thepurposeofcivilprocedureis,astheFederalRulesofCivilProcedurestate,“tosecurethejust