家庭能源负担能力报告.docxVIP

HouseholdEnergy

Afordability

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HouseholdEnergyAffordabilityTableofcontents

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Tableofcontents

Executivesummary 9

Chapter1:Howaffordableisenergy? 13

Chapter2:Electricitysupplyandaffordability 23

2.1Whatdriveselectricitybills? 23

2.2AffordabilitychallengesforelectricityaccessinAfrica 30

2.3Supply-sideoptionstoreducecostsandimproveelectricityaffordability 32

Chapter3:Demand-sidefocusonhouseholdenergyaffordability 37

3.1Householdenergyaffordability:driversandopportunities 37

3.2Policytrends 45

Chapter4:Measuringenergypovertyandaffordability,andtheirimpactsonhealth

andeducation 53

4.1Measuringenergypovertyandaffordability 53

4.2Highenergybillsarenottheonlywayinwhichaffordabilityaffectshouseholds.56

4.2.1Energypovertyandhealth 56

4.2.2Energypovertyandeducation 63

Annex 69

HouseholdEnergyAffordabilityExecutivesummary

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Executivesummary

Householdenergyaffordabilitycontinuestobeakey

priorityforgovernmentsasenergybillsremainelevated

Householdenergybillsgloballyhavecomedownfromthepeaksseenduringtheglobalenergycrisisin2022,butonaveragetheywerestillaround4%higherinrealtermsin2024thantheywerein2019.HouseholdenergybillssoaredinmanypartsoftheworldasaresultoftheCovid-19pandemicandRussia’sfull-scaleinvasionofUkrainein2022,whichintroducedaperiodofextremevolatilityandasharprun-upinprices.Atthepeakofthecrisisin2022,billsrose16%year-on-year.Thisfuelledinflationarypressuresandpushedenergyaffordabilitytothetopofthepoliticalagenda.Formosthouseholdsaroundtheworld,ener