外文翻译万云艳.doc

西安邮电 毕 业 设 计（论 文） 院（系）： 专 业： 科学与技术 班 级： 0801班 学生姓名： 导师姓名： 职称： 起止时间：20年 3月日 至 20年 6月日 298 SHEARD AND MOSTASHARI Table I. Complex System Examples Systems Engineering DOI 10.1002/sys PRINCIPLES OF COMPLEX SYSTEMS FOR SYSTEMS ENGINEERING 299 reason all should be amenable to improvement based on the principles for engineering complex systems addressed in later sections. Systems engineers should be familiar with the three examples: ? ·INCOSE ·The systems engineering (SE) process within a company ·The National Airspace System (air traffic control system). Table I shows that all three examples have all complex systems attributes listed above and therefore that these are complex systems. 3.2. Systems-of-Systems It should be noted that Systems-of-Systems (SoSs) is currently of great interest to systems engineers. The topic was originally defined by [Maier, 1998]; confer-ences and papers addressing systems-of-systems have increased greatly in the last few years. Systems-of-sys-tems issues that differ from systems issues include: Integration of independently-operational compo-nent systems that were built for other purposes ? Rapid evolution of both user needs and system technologies, which prevents stable requirements ? Multiple disparate stakeholders with conflicting needs and a lack of incentives to participate in the system-of-systems ? Distributed development and its consequent com-munication problems Dependence on an integrated computing infra-structure that has extremely high and increasing complexity, thus threatening unintended conse-quences. In an engineering context, systems-of-systems are often, but not always, complex systems. Figure 2 shows this comparison. Systems-of-systems usually come up in a program acquisition context, and are distinguished as being unmanageable using standard top-town sys-tems engineering, whereas complex systems