[科学哲学自学资料]PS9-库恩的范式理论.pptVIP

第九讲：库恩的范式理论 27.1 Stages of Scientific Growth 26.3 Normal Science 26.1 The Notion of Paradigm 26.2 The Worldview Thesis 26.4 Anomalies, Crisis, and Revolution 27.2 Incommensurability 27.3 Relativism 第九讲：库恩的范式理论 27.1 Stages of Scientific Growth 26.3 Normal Science 26.1 The Notion of Paradigm 26.2 The Worldview Thesis 26.4 Anomalies, Crisis, and Revolution 27.2 Incommensurability 27.3 Relativism 第九讲：库恩的范式理论 27.1 Stages of Scientific Growth Logical Positivism: an endless accumulation of confirmed truth Popper: constant revolutions. Kuhn: a compromise between the two extreme views. Prescience--Normal Science--Crisis--Revolution--Normal Science2--… Thomas S. Kuhn: A Physicist working on history of sceince in Harvard. 《The Copernican Revolution》(1957) 《The Structure of Scientific Revolutions》(1962, 1970) 《The Essential Tension》(1977) 《The Road since Structure》(2000) 第九讲：库恩的范式理论 26.3 Normal Science: the formation of a paradigm, the difference between premature and mature sciences, between natural sciences and social or humanity sciences 26.1 The Notion of Paradigm: two major usages: 1) examplar, the standard way to solve the problems. 解决疑难的标准方式。行规，专业训练。 2) a system of theories: ontological, methodological, basic or fundamental theories, auxiliary theories, instruments, the standards of legitimate practice, the aims of science, the logic, … 26.2 The Worldview Thesis: Gestalt Psychology of observation. Scientists in different paradigms are like people with different eyeglasses, living in different worlds, will have different worldviews. 第九讲：库恩的范式理论 26.4 Anomalies, Crisis, and Revolution Anomalies/异例 vs. counter-examples/反例 Crisis: the accumulation of anomalies. Revolution: emergence or proposal of a new theory. Revolution is A Gestalt Switch: it happens all at once. Like a change of religious faith. 改宗。 27.2 Incommensurability: 不可通约性论题. There is no neutral, trans-paradigm means or criterion to govern the comparison or choice between old and new paradigm. Kuhn