考研数学：经典实用基础知识点及例题演示(超值强化).pdfVIP

目 录 一、函数与极限·························································································2 1、集合的概念··························································································2 2 、常量与变量··························································································3 2 、函数···································································································4 3、函数的简单性态·····················································································4 4 、反函数································································································5 5、复合函数·····························································································6 6、初等函数·····························································································6 7、双曲函数及反双曲函数············································································7 8、数列的极限··························································································8 9、函数的极限··························································································9 10、函数极限的运算规则·············································································11 一、函数与极限 1、集合的概念 一般地我们把研究对象统称为元素，把一些元素组成的总体叫集合（简称集）。集合具有确定性（给定集 合的元素必须是确定的）和互异性（给定集合中的元素是互不相同的）。比如“身材较高的人”不能构成 集合，因为它的元素不是确定的。 我们通常用大字拉丁字母A 、B 、C、……表示集合，用小写拉丁字母a、b 、c……表示集合中的元素。如 果a 是集合A 中的元素，就说a 属于A ，记作：a ∈A ，否则就说a 不属于A ，记作：a A 。 ⑴、全体非负整数组成的集合叫做非负整数集（或自然数集）。记作N ⑵、所有正整数组成的集合叫做正整数集。记作N+ 或N+ 。 ⑶、全体整数组成的集合叫做整数集。记作Z 。 ⑷、全体有理数组成的集合叫做有理数集。记作Q 。 ⑸、全体实数组成的集合叫做实数集。记作R 。 集合的表示方法 ⑵、 列举法：把集合的元素一一列举出来，并用“｛｝”括起来表示集合 ⑵、描述法：用集合所有元素的共同特征来表示集合。 集合间的基本关系 ⑴、子集：一般地，对于两个集合A、B ，如果集合A 中的任意一个元素都是集合B 的元素，我们就说A 、 B 有包含关系，称集合A 为集合B 的子集，记作A B （或B  A ）。。 ⑵相等：如何集合A 是集合B 的子集，且集合B 是集合A 的子集，此时集合A 中的元素与集合B 中的元 素完全一样，因此集合A 与集合B 相等，记作A ＝B 。 ⑶、真子集：如何集合A 是集合B 的子集，但存在一个元素属于B 但不属于A ，我们称集合A 是集合B 的真子集。 ⑷、空集：我们把不含任何元素的集合叫做空集。记作 