外文翻译--藏传佛教在蒙古地区的发展与清朝的民族宗教政策.docVIP

外文翻译 The development of tibetan buddhis in mongolia and the qinng court’s policies towards nationalities and religions. Bao guizhen During the last ming dynasty(altan khan’s reign in northern yuan),the gelug sect,one sect of tibetan buddhism(the yellow hat sect),prevailed in mongolia once again,and soon after that,the local people embraced it.until the first half of the 17th century,all the mongols in the late ming dynasty and the early qing dynasty caused the gelug sect to decline in the south of the gobi desert.in order to rule the mongols in a peaceful way,the qing gevemment sepecifically advocated and protected tibaten buddhism in its early years.in the period from emperor shunzhi’sreign to emperor qian long ‘s,which resulted in its promotion in status,so that its influence was strengthened and the number of its monasteries inceased.according to statistics,only in the south of the gobi desert there stood thousands of monasteries with more than 100,000 monks.under the major influence of the gelug sect,upper-class lamas enjoyde the same munificent treatment,courtesy names and honorable official titles as mongolian nobles.they even had the power of judicial administration in the monasteries,and participated in the political affairs of mongolian banners,which were then both prevalent and unprecedented. The establishment of two reincarnation systerms,jebtsundamba(rje-btsun dam-pa)khutughtu and Icang-skya in mongolia.the living buddha reincarnation systems-the dalai and panchan lamaswere established there.in order to guarantee the successful spread of buddhist doctrines and to prevent the loss of monastery property,the gelug sect clearly needed its own living buddha reincarnation systems as well as its own spiritual leaders.at the invitation of khalkha mongolia and was given an honorific title of jebtsundamba.he passed away in 1634,and next year tosiyetu khan had a son,so his son was identified as the incaration and named the first jebtsundamba.the first jebtsundamba