_统一俄罗斯_党的理论和实践表现.pdfVIP

论 文 摘 要 自从普京执政以来，俄罗斯政治制度发生了转变。最大的特征就是叶利钦时 期的政党割据和选举波动削弱了，取而代之的是缺乏政党之间的竞争，政权党“统 一俄罗斯”党占据了主导地位。这种转变的本质是因为俄罗斯仍然是个不成熟的 新兴政治体。 “统一俄罗斯”党的前身是支持叶利钦接班人的临时竞选联盟。它顺利取得 了创建者的政治预期，并因为一系列突发事件的推动，逐步向政党发展。俄罗斯 政府将该党作为政治斗争的工具，从而达到控制选举和立法进程、联合地方政治 精英、实现政治招募和打击反对派。同时，中央政府和地方政治精英在参与过程 中也让渡了部分权力。该党最低限度的意识形态和最高限度的具体事业主张又区 别于其他俄罗斯政党，受到了民众的广泛支持。 该党的未来发展面临着许多因素的影响，包括国内外政治经济形势，党内的 意见分歧和派别斗争，权力让渡的成本和收益评估等。本文试图通过研究该党的 发展进程，机构党员构成，意识形态，并通过纵向和横向的政党比较，总结该党 在十年中能够成为俄罗斯第一大党的原因，分析其发展过程中遇到的问题，扮演 的角色和面临的挑战。 关键词：俄罗斯 政党政治 “统一俄罗斯”党 政权党 ABSTRACT Since Putin came into power, the Russia’s party system has changed. The major features of Russia’s party system in 1990s, namely, party fragmentation and electoral volatility have decreased, which is replaced by the lack of party competition and monopoly of the party of power “United Russia”. The answer to this change is that Russia is an emerging political system, which is lack of democracy. The Unity bloc, predecessor of “United Russia”, was established to support the successor of Boris Yeltsin in presidential election. It has successfully completed its political expectation. And due to a series of contingencies, the Unity bloc has moved to a political party. The Russian government makes use of “United Russia” as a political vehicle so as to reduce uncertainty in elections, to reduce bargaining costs in legislation, to routinize political appointment and to alley political elites. Meanwhile, government and political elites also pay costs of acting in a dominant party of power. The minimum focus on ideology and the maximum focus on specific causes make United Russia widely supported by common people. The future development of United Russia is affected by a number of factors, including political and economic situation both domestically and internationally, the interior conflicts, the cost and benefits of power transfer and so