国际人权.pptVIP

Human rights are universal claims which individuals have as members of society in which they live 人权是普遍性的要求，适用于每个社会成员 Rights to some good which may be asserted against bearer of correlative (corresponding) duty 有权获得利益, 同时承担相应的义务 Three correlative duties in h.r.人权有三项相应的义务1. to avoid depriving (negative rights)1.避免剥夺﹝负面权利﹞2. to protect from deprivation2.保护以不被剥夺3. to aid those who are deprived (positive right).3.帮助被剥夺的﹝正面权利﹞ Rights exist in three forms:权利有三种形式存在：1. moral entitlements1.道德权利2. legal entitlements2.法律权利3. empirically (as observed)3.实证性的(被观察的) H.R.s are universal because their justification not derived from municipal law人权是普遍性的, 因为其合法性不是来自于国内法Some developing states dispute natural law view.有些发展中国家对自然法观点有争议They hold positivist view that human rights include only rights which state recognize??む 20th Century h.r. law‘s main achievement is recognition that state does not possess absolute sphere of reserved jurisdiction with regard to h.r.’s of its citizens.在二十世纪，人权法的主要成就是认可了, 国家对其公民的人权不具有绝对管辖权Also, states are supposed to observe h.r. without reg??诈? Theorists such as John Locke thought state exists to protect rights such as life, liberty property.理论家，例如John Locke，认为国家存在就是为了保护权利，例如生命、自由和财产Before state existed, there was “state of nature” in which individuals had to use force在国家出现之前，那时的「自然国」中的个人是??? When states became strong in 19th 20th centuries, h.r. theory began to focus on individual‘s right to be free of ill-treatment by states.十九和二十世纪时，国家变得强大，人权理论开始关注人们摆脱国家不合理对待的权利H.R. law evolved, in part, from law of state responsibility部分而言,人权法来源于有关国家责??诈? H.R. law also evolved, in part, from law of humanitarian intervention部分而言,人权法还来源于有关人道主义的干涉的法律Recognizes as lawful the use of force by State A against State B to stop very brutal maltreatment of citizens of State B国家甲以武力阻止国家乙对国民进行残害是合法的Often misused a??? Some human rights treaties before WWI, e.g. to protect Christians in Middle East在第一次世界大战前已有一些人权条约例如是保护中东的基督教徒Leagu