分子生物学(中英对照有备注)8.pptVIP

* The complex remains attached to the DNA but inactive until S-phase, at which point a protein called Cdc45 binds. Cdc45 allows the pre-RC to initiate replication by activating Mcm2-7 to function as a helicase, and recruiting DNA polymerases to the pre-RC. 一直到S期，这一复合体都保持与DNA结合但是没有活性，等到了S期，称为Cdc45的蛋白质结合上来。Cdc45通过激活Mcm2-7使其具有解旋酶功能，并且召集DNA聚合酶前来而使pre-RC启动复制。 * How does the Cdc45 know to only activate the pre-RC during S-phase? A protein called Cdk2 is crucial for regulating the process. During the G1 phase, Cdk2 is inactive; however it becomes active during S phase. Active Cdk2 is necessary for Cdc45 to be able to bind to the pre-RC. Proteins like Cdk2, which vary in activity according to phases of the cell cycle, are very important for coordinating events in the cell. Cdc45是怎么知道只在S期才去激活pre-RC的呢？一种称为Cdk2的蛋白在调控这一过程中起决定性的作用。在G1期，Cdk2是无活性的；而在S期它变成有活性的了。有活性的Cdk2对Cdc45能够结合到pre-RC上去是必需的。像Cdk2这样能根据细胞周期不同阶段改变活性的蛋白质在协调细胞活动方面是非常重要的。 * Another challenge faced by eukaryotes during synthesis is what to do with primers at the end of the chromosome. The end of a eukaryotic chromosome is called the telomere. 真核生物DNA合成面临的另一个挑战是如何处理位于染色体末端的引物。真核生物染色体的末端称为端粒。 * Leading strand synthesis proceeds to the tip of the telomere without any problem. For lagging strand synthesis, the most complete replication requires a primer at the very tip of the telomere, with synthesis proceeding backwards from the tip. These 10nts or so of RNA primer can be removed, but it is impossible to replace the gap with DNA using normal DNA polymerase. 先导链的合成可以一直进行到端粒的末尾而不会有问题。但对于后随链来说，最完整的复制要求在端粒的最最末尾处出现一个引物，以引导DNA的合成从末尾往回进行。这些10nt或更长一点的RNA引物能够被去除，但留下的空缺却不可能由普通的DNA聚合酶来填补。 * Eukaryotic cells employ a special enzyme, telomerase, to deal with this problem. Telomerase begins at the staggered end of the chromosome, where removal of the primer has left the parental strand slightly longer than the new strand. Telomerase then extends the parental strand by several dozen nucleotides. It is able to do so wi