外文翻译--承重结构.docVIP

Loadbearing Structures Buildings are complex three-dimensional structures, and at first their loadbearing systems seem immensely elaborate and difficult to analyse. But fundamentally all construction types are derived from two principles: solid construction and skeleton construction. These two principles have been applied since the earliest days of building, and all the techniques so far invented follow them;the same rules apply to ancient clay huts or pile dwellings as to the modern building industry磗 complex systems. Solid Construction Solid structures are made up of flat elements that dissipate vertical and horizontal loads. Wall-like discs can be loaded vertically as well as horizontally in their longitudinal direction. But conversely , they have barely any transverse loadbearing capacity,i.e.via their surface. Discs or walls can fail in a variety of ways ; they can buckle or fall over. When building using solid techniques they are protected from this through reinforcement by other walls, placed at certain intervals adjacent to or intersecting them. The walls support each other mutually and this makes a sold structure stable. A structure of this type is also called modular. We distinguish between loadbearing, reinforcing and non-loadbearing walls. Non-loadbearing walls can be removed without affecting structure stability. Reinforcing walls are also deemed to be loadbearing in standards. As a rule, loadbearing walls are thicker, which enables them to dissipate the ceiling loads. Solid structures are divided into longitudinal and transverse wall types. If one or two loadbearing central walls run parallel to the long sides of the building, this is known as a longitudinal wall type; most simple ,urban homes are built on this principle. The transverse wall type, also known as crosswall construction , is suitable for buildings such as hotels and terraced houses, where small rooms are the principal requirement. It is possible to