低维固体等离体子及其与电磁波的相互作用论文.doc

摘  要  以量子阱、量子线和量子点和半导体超晶格等为代表的低维结构成为凝聚态物理 十分前沿的研究领域之一，低维电子气系统中的等离体子也得到了广泛的研究。纵向 等离体子（Plasmon--等离激元）是固体电子气中的静电集体激发。实验和理论上主要 是对等离体子的激发能量和色散关系的研究。目前利用等离体子或表面等离体子响应 的纳米光学、近场光学、电磁波增强透射吸收和异向介质（metamaterial）研究也成为 极热门的研究课题。 Pines和Bohm最先利用无规相位近似计算了纵向体等离体子色散关系。后来流体 近似和自洽线性响应近似等被发展而用来描述固体等离子体集体振荡效应。本文第二 章用两种方法统一和简洁地给出了一维、二维和三维电子气等离体子的色散关系。第 一种是无规相位近似，利用了长波极限和高频极限下的林哈德函数；第二种是等离子 体流体近似，利用了电子气的流体方程，绝热近似和凝胶模型。在两种方法中，都用 到了一个共同的关键量——由电子密度振荡形成的扰动静电（库仑）势。因此用两种 方法得出的等离体子的色散关系相符得很好。扰动静电势是和电子气的维数相关的， 本章给出了详细的二维和一维金属电子气的静电势推导。 第三章描述了准二维电子气（束缚于金属或半导体面）表面等离体子，并且简要 分析了金属细线组合结构中的等效等离体子概念以及嵌有周期性亚波长微孔的理想 导体面等效表面等离体子概念。在最后一章中，首先分析了在等离体子耦合共振响应 下的亚波长周期性微结构金属面微波增强透射吸收，然后介绍了利用等离体子概念和 异向介质进行隐身的重要进展，目前利用固体等离体子进行微波隐身已经显现。 关键词：等离体子，固体低维结构，表面等离体子—激子，负折射率材料，异向介质 I Abstract As low-dimensional structures such as quantum wells, quantum wires, quantum dots and semiconductor superlattices have received durable attention and became one of the frontier research fields in condensed matter physics in recent years, plasmons in the low-dimensional electron gas has also been studied extensively. Plasmons are the quantum of the collective excitations of free electrons in solids. Experimental and theoretical studies of plasmons have mainly focused on the excitation energies and dispersion relations. Nanophotonics, near-field photonics, electromagnetic enhanced transmission and absorption, and metamaterials, by virtue of plasmons, have attracted numerous attention. The dispersion relation of the longitudinal plasmons was obtained firstly by David Pines and David Bohm using the random phase approximation (RPA). Then the hydrodynamical description and self-consistent linear response approximation (SCLRA), etc, were developed to describe the plasma oscillations in condensed matters. In the second part of this thesis, the plasmons dispersion relations for one-, two- and three-dimensional electron gas are compactly derived in two approaches with uniform disturbed Coulomb potentials. First approach is adopted usually in so