生物化学课件--第12章脂类代谢.ppt

Key Terms triacylglycerol (neutral fat, triacylglyceride) bile salt chylomicron acyl adenylate carnitine b-oxidation pathway vitamin B12 (cobalamin) peroxisome ketone body acyl carrier protein (ACP) fatty acid synthase malonyl CoA acetyl CoA carboxylase megasynthase polyketide nonribosomal peptide AMP-dependent protein kinase (AMPK) protein phosphatase 2A arachidonate prostaglandin eicosanoid II. Transducing An Overview of Fatty Acid Metabolism Fatty acid degradation and synthesis are relatively simple processes that are essentially the reverse of each other. The process of degradation converts an aliphatic compound into a set of activated acetyl units (acetyl CoA) that can be processed by the citric acid cycle (Figure 22.2). An activated fatty acid is oxidized to introduce a double bond; the double bond is hydrated to introduce an oxygen; the alcohol is oxidized to a ketone; and, finally, the four carbon fragment is cleaved by coenzyme A to yield acetyl CoA and a fatty acid chain two carbons shorter. If the fatty acid has an even number of carbon atoms and is saturated, the process is simply repeated until the fatty acid is completely converted into acetyl CoA units. Fatty acid synthesis is essentially the reverse of this process. Because the result is a polymer, the process starts with monomers in this case with activated acyl group (most simply, an acetyl unit) and malonyl units (see Figure 22.2). The malonyl unit is condensed with the acetyl unit to form a four-carbon fragment. To produce the required hydrocarbon chain, the carbonyl must be reduced. The fragment is reduced, dehydrated, and reduced again, exactly the opposite ofdegradation, to bring the carbonyl group to the level of a methylene group with the formation of butyryl CoA. Another activated malonyl group condenses with the butyryl unit and the process is repeated until a C16 fatty acid is synthesized Triacylglycerols Are Highly Concentrated Energy Stores Fatty acids are physiologically impo