EvolutionaryConceptsVariationandMutation：进化的概念及突变.pptVIP

Evolutionary Concepts: Variation and Mutation 6 February 2003 Definitions and Terminology Microevolution Changes within populations or species in gene frequencies and distributions of traits Macroevolution Higher level changes, e.g. generation of new species or higher–level classification Gene Section of a chromosome that encodes the information to build a protein Location is known as a “locus” Allele Varieties of the information at a particular locus Every organism has two alleles (can be same or different) No limit to the number of alleles in a population Zygosity Homozygous: Two copies of the same allele at one locus Heterozygous: Two different alleles at one locus Genotype Genetic information contained at a locus Which alleles are actually present at a locus Example: Alleles available: R and W Possible genotypes: RR, RW, WW Phenotype Appearance of an organism Results from the underlying genotype Phenotype Example 1: Alleles R (red) and W (white), codominance Genotypes: RR, RW, WW Phenotypes: Red, Pink, White Phenotype Example 2: Alleles R (red) and w (white), simple dominance Genotypes: RR, Rw, ww Phenotypes: Red, Red, white Dominant and Recessive Alleles Dominant alleles: “Dominate” over other alleles Will be expressed, while a recessive allele is suppressed Recessive alleles: Alleles that are suppressed in the presence of a dominant allele Gene Pool The collection of available alleles in a population The distribution of these alleles across the population is not taken into account! Allele frequency The frequency of an allele in a population Example: 50 individuals = 100 alleles 25 R alleles = 25/100 = 25% R = 0.25 is the frequency of R 75 W alleles = 75/100 W = 75% W = 0.75 is the frequency of W Allele frequency Note: The sum of the frequencies for each allele in a population is always equal to 1.0! Frequencies are percentages, and the total percentage must be 100 100% = 1.00 Other important frequencies Genotype frequency The percentage of e