成本与管理会计07.pptVIP

* * * * * * * * * * * * * ? 2009 Pearson Prentice Hall. All rights reserved. ? 2009 Pearson Prentice Hall. All rights reserved. (c) 2009 Pearson Prentice Hall. All rights reserved. (c) 2009 Pearson Prentice Hall. All rights reserved. (c) 2009 Pearson Prentice Hall. All rights reserved. Flexible Budgets, Direct-Cost Variances, and Management Control Basic Concepts Variance – difference between an actual and an expected (budgeted) amount Management by Exception – the practice of focusing attention on areas not operating as expected (budgeted) Static (Master) Budget – is based on the output planned at the start of the budget period Basic Concepts Static-Budget Variance (Level 0) – the difference between the actual result and the corresponding static budget amount Favorable Variance (F) – has the effect of increasing operating income relative to the budget amount Unfavorable Variance (U) – has the effect of decreasing operating income relative to the budget amount Variances Variances may start out “at the top” with a Level 0 analysis. This is the highest level of analysis, a super-macro view of operating results. The Level 0 analysis is nothing more than the difference between actual and static-budget operating income Variances Further analysis decomposes (breaks down) the Level 0 analysis down into progressively smaller and smaller components Answers: “How much were we off?” Levels 1, 2, and 3 examine the Level 0 variance into progressively more-detailed levels of analysis Answers: “Where and why were we off?” Level 1 Analysis, Illustrated Evaluation Level 0 tells the user very little other than how much Contribution Margin was off from budget. Level 0 answers the question: “How much were we off in total?” Level 1 gives the user a little more information: it shows which line-items led to the total Level 0 variance. Level 1 answers the question: “Where were we off?” Flexible Budget Flexible Budget – shifts budgeted revenues and costs up and down based actual op