新释药系统研究进展-张强.ppt

新释药系统研究进展Advances in drug delivery systems  Topical epicutaneous (application onto the skin), e.g. allergy testing, typical local anesthesia inhalational, e.g. asthma medications enema, e.g. contrast media for imaging of the bowel eye drops (onto the conjunctiva), e.g. antibiotics for conjunctivitis ear drops - such as antibiotics and corticosteroids for otitis externa intranasal route (into the nose), e.g. decongestant nasal sprays. Nasal administration can also be used for systemic effect. vaginal, e.g. topical estrogens, antibacterials Enteral Enteral is any form of administration that involves any part of the gastrointestinal tract: by mouth (orally), many drugs as tablets, capsules, or drops by gastric feeding tube, duodenal feeding tube, or gastrostomy, many drugs and enteral nutrition rectally, various drugs in suppository or enema form Parenteral by injection or infusion intravenous (into a vein), e.g. many drugs, total parenteral nutrition intraarterial (into an artery), e.g. vasodilator drugs in the treatment of vasospasm and thrombolytic drugs for treatment of embolism intramuscular (into a muscle), e.g. many vaccines, antibiotics, and long-term psychoactive agents intracardiac (into the heart), e.g. adrenaline during cardiopulmonary resuscitation (no longer commonly performed) subcutaneous (under the skin), e.g. insulin intraosseous infusion (into the bone marrow) is, in effect, an indirect intravenous access because the bone marrow drains directly into the venous system. This route is occasionally used for drugs and fluids in emergency medicine and paediatrics when intravenous access is difficult. intradermal, (into the skin itself) is used for some allergens, and also for tattoos intrathecal (into the spinal canal) is most commonly used for spinal anesthesia and chemotherapy intraperitoneal, (infusion or injection into the peritoneum) e.g. peritoneal dialysis Intravesical infusion is infusion into the urinary bladder. Other p