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Hard and soft acids and bases—the evolution of a chemical concept.pdf

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Coordination Chemistry Reviews, 100 (1990) 403-425 403 Elsevier Science Publishers B.V., Amsterdam - Printed in The Netherlands HARD AND SOFT ACIDS AND BASES-THE EVOLUTION OF A CHEMICAL CONCEPT RALPH G. PEARSON Department of Chemistv, University of California, Santa Barbara, CA 93106 (U.S.A.) (Received 22 November 1988) CONTENTS A. Introduction . . . . . . . . . 403 B. Summary of early work. . . . . . . . . . 403 C. Dawnofthenewera . . . . . . . . . 405 D. Correlation with molecular orbital theory . . . . . . . . . 410 E. Some applications of the concepts . . . . . . . . . 414 F. Concerning the future. . . . . . . . . . 422 Acknowledgements . . . . . . . . . 424 References . . . . . . . . . 424 A. INTRODUCTION The term “hard and soft acids and bases” first appeared in the literature in 1963 [l]. Ten years later a book was published which gave a detailed account of the early history of this subject [2] and there is also a shorter review of the topic [3]. Full credit was given to the pioneering contributions of Edwards, Ahrland, Chatt, Davies, Schwarzenbach, Jorgensen, Hudson, Klopman and Saville. As a result, the present paper will deal mainly with the more recent developments of the concept of chemical hardness. However, a necessary summary of the early work will be given. Also, to expedite matters, it will be stated at once t