卫生经济学：导论医疗卫生与经济学有什么关系？.pptVIP

* * * * * Higher income has a positive relationship with higher share of GNI spent on health. * * * In US, one physician has three nurses. * * * * * * * This graph shows the uneven distribution of health risks among people. Although the data are from US, they have universal application to any country and any period. In any point of time, only a small portion of population shoulder the largest health burden and health risks. The risks are also uncertainty and are hard to predict so that risk sharing is especially important in health care. * When John’s wealth is $10,000, his utility is 140 (A). When his wealth rises to $20,000, his utility won’t be doubled, but rises to 200 (B). No Insurance: Expected wealth: E(W) = (p well %) x (wealth if well) + (p ill%) x (wealth if ill) = 0.95 x $20,000 + 0.05 x $10,000 = $19,500 Expected utility: E(U) = (p well %) x (utility if well) + (p ill%) x (utility if ill) = 0.95 x (utility of $20,000 + 0.05 x (utility of $10,000) = 0.95 x 200 + 0.05 x 140 = 197 With Insurance: Premium = $500, his wealth would be guaranteed to be $20,000. His net wealth = $20,000 - $500 = $19,500 His utility = U ($19,500) = 199 (D) His net utility gain = 199 (D) – 197 (C) = 2 * * * * * Finally, let’s finish this presentation with the study results from a famous economist Robert Fogel. * * ２月１３日上午，一则特殊的手机短信传遍了山城重庆“发送字母Ｔ到０１９３１，就可捐出１０元爱心款拯救山村教师。每部手机限捐款５０元。”截至１５日下午４时，各类捐款已接近３０万元，其中有１．３万人次通过手机短信捐款１３万元。因重症贫血引发肾衰竭、晕倒在讲台上的乡村小学教师豆洪波有救了。 重庆彭水县桑拓镇鹿青村距县城４０多公里，是一个贫困村。２５岁的豆洪波既是这个村小学的语文老师、体育老师，又是自然课老师和思想品德课老师，工作的辛苦不言而喻。豆洪波所在学校有４００多名学生，任课教师不到１０名，他每周要上２０多节课。 几个月前，学生们惊奇地发现，豆老师每天都带着一塑料瓶褐色的“饮料”，讲课咳嗽不止，老师便匆匆喝一口接着讲。同学们猜测，老师是不是特别喜欢喝“可乐”。及至今年１月８日，连续两次吐血的豆洪波终于晕倒在讲台上，同学们才知道老师早就有病了，那瓶“可乐”是豆老师为省医疗费，也为了不误课，没去医院看病，找镇里医生配的中药。 豆洪波住进了医院，医生诊断他的病为营养不良导致重症贫血，继而引发肾衰竭，肾移植是他活下去最大的希望。数十万元的医疗费，对这位每月收入仅７００元，要养活妻子和７个月的女儿的乡村教师来说，无疑是一个天文数字。 * * 新型农村合作医疗的局限性安徽籍全国人大代表汪春兰 2003年9月新型农村合作医疗方案启动以后，安徽有10个县也成了试点县。但是，这个新型农村合作医疗并没有让农民得到太多的实惠。“还是卖了稻子卖了猪来的，结果也报销不了多少。”