Chapter 8Optical Fibers and Components.ppt

Chapter 8:Optical Fibers and Components TOPICS WDM optical networks Light transmitted through an optical fiber Types of optical fibers Impairments Components: Lasers, optical amplifiers, couplers, OXCs WDM optical networks A point-to-point connection An example of an optical network How light is transmitted through an optical fiber Waves and electrical fields An optical fiber Refraction and reflection of a light ray Angle of launching a ray into the fiber Multi-mode and single-mode fibers Core/diameter of a multi-mode fiber: 50/125 ?m, 62.5/125 ?m, 100/140 ?m Core/diameter of single-mode fiber 9 or 10 / 125 ?m Electric fields Electric field amplitudes for various fiber modes Propagation of modes Single-mode fiber Impairments The transmission of light through an optical fiber is subjected to optical effects, known as impairments. There are: linear impairments, and non-linear impairments. Linear impairments These impairments are called linear because their effect is proportional to the length of the fiber. Attenuation: Attenuation is the decrease of the optical power along the length of the fiber. Dispersion Dispersion is the distortion of the shape of a pulse. Attenuation Attenuation in Fiber Attenuation P(L) = 10-AL/10P(0) Where P(0) optical power at transmitter, P(L) power at distance L Km, and A = attenuation constant of the fiber Received Power must be greater or equal to receiver sensitivity Pr Lmax = 10/A log10(P(0)/P(r)) Dispersion Dispersion is due to a number of reasons, such as modal dispersion, chromatic dispersion, polarization mode dispersion. Modal dispersion In multi-mode fibers some modes travel a longer distance to get to the end of the fiber than others In view of this, the modes have different delays, which causes a spreading of the output pulse Chromatic dispersion It is due to the fact that the refractive index of silica is frequency dependent. In view of this, different frequencies travel at different speeds, and as a result they