Chapter 8Technicalities Functions, etc..ppt

using Declarations and Directives To avoid the tedium of std::cout Please enter stuff… \n; you could write a “using declaration” using std::cout; // when I say cout, I mean std::cout cout Please enter stuff… \n; // ok: std::cout cin x; // error: cin not in scope or you could write a “using directive” using namespace std; // “make all names from namespace std available” cout Please enter stuff… \n; // ok: std::cout cin x; // ok: std::cin More about header files in chapter 12 * Stroustrup/Programming/2015 Next talk More technicalities, mostly related to classes * Stroustrup/Programming/2015 * Chapter 8Technicalities: Functions, etc. Bjarne Stroustrup /Programming Abstract This lecture and the following present some technical details of the language to give a slightly broader view of C++’s basic facilities and to provide a more systematic view of those facilities. This also acts as a review of many of the notions presented so far, such as types, functions, and initialization, and provides an opportunity to explore our tool without adding new programming techniques or concepts. * Stroustrup/Programming/2015 Overview Language Technicalities Declarations Definitions Headers and the preprocessor Scope Functions Declarations and definitions Arguments Call by value, reference, and const reference Namespaces “Using” declarations * Stroustrup/Programming/2015 Language technicalities Are a necessary evil A programming language is a foreign language When learning a foreign language, you have to look at the grammar and vocabulary We will do this in this chapter and the next Because: Programs must be precisely and completely specified A computer is a very stupid (though very fast) machine A computer can’t guess what you “really meant to say” (and shouldn’t try to) So we must know the rules Some of them (the C++14 standard is 1,358 pages) However, never forget that What we study is programming Our output is programs/systems A programming language is only a t