How Cells Harvest EnergyChapt. 7.ppt

How Cells Harvest Energy:Chapt. 7 food substances are energy-rich molecules cells oxidize food to release energy Oxidation removal of electrons (often as hydrogen atoms) as one molecule is oxidized another is reduced (Red-Ox reactions) Text pg 116 Cellular Redox Reactions Typically Exergonic reactions DG is negative Reactants Products + E. E. (in the form of e-) is used for initiating other reactions Cell Oxidation-ReductionReactions Performed by: Cell molecules such as NAD, NADP, FAD, FMN …termed coenzymes each of these work with specific enzymes to catalyze redox reactions Text pg 116 when reduced (ie. NADH, NADPH) each gains energy for use elsewhere in the cell Storage Sources of Cell Energy: Triglycerides (fats) Carbohydrates (glycogen, starch) Glucose Breakdown-an oxidation process Occurs as two separate processes: 1. Glycolysis 2. Cellular respiration 1. Glycolysis occurs in cytoplasm evolutionary primitive energy creating system may occur in anaerobic environments Glycolysis Glycolysis Energy Yield ~700 Kcal of energy stored in 1 glucose sugar... Glycolysis produces 2 ATPs from glucose Each ATP is worth ~7-10 Kcal Therefore, ~20 Kcal produced 20/700 = ~3% efficiency Part 1- Uses ATP Energy Glucose (6C) Glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate (3C) Part 2- Generates ATP + NADH G3P (3C) Pyruvate (3C) Gylcolysis 10 enzymes act in sequence to: Convert 1 Glucose (6C) -- 2 Pyruvate (3C) 2 ATP’s produced 2 NADH produced Reactions occur in cytoplasm When Oxygen is available to the cell, glycolysis is followed by cellular respiration… Text pg 117 When O2 is unavailable, glycolysis will lead to Fermentation steps… Text 117 Fermentation Fermentation * oxidized reduced + electron (electron donor) (electron acceptor) Both end up following the breakdown pathway for glucose..... Summary: One (6-carbon glucose) goes to form Two (3- carbon pyruvate) molecules produces 2 ATP 2 NA