Lecture 9 Divergence Theorem.ppt

Lecture 9: Divergence Theorem Proof of Divergence Theorem 2D Example 3D Physics Example: Gauss’s Theorem Example: Two non-closed surfaces with same rim Divergence Theorem as aid to doing complicated surface integrals Using the Divergence Theorem Product of Divergences * Consider migrating wildebeest, with velocity vector field 1 m x y Zero influx s-1 into blue triangle: 0 along hypotenuse along this side along this side Zero influx into pink triangle along this side along this side along this side V S Divide into infinite number of small cubes dVi Take definition of div from infinitessimal volume dV to macroscopic volume V Sum Interior surfaces cancel since is same but vector areas oppose 1 2 DIVERGENCE THEOREM over closed outer surface enclosing V summed over all tiny cubes “outflux or influx from a body total loss gain from the surface” x y Circle, radius R in m exactly as predicted by the divergence theorem since There is no ‘Wildebeest Generating Machine’ in the circle! S Where sum is over charges enclosed by S in volume V Consider tiny spheres around each charge: Applying the Divergence Theorem The integral and differential form of Gauss’s Theorem independent of exact location of charges within V S2 S1 Which means integral depends on rim not surface if If then integral depends on rim and surface S is closed surface formed by S1+ S2 Special case when shows why vector area Example y z x Evaluate Directly Tedious integral over ? and ? exercise for student! gives So integral depends only on rim: so do easy integral over circle as always beware of signs Example free index Kronecker Delta: in 3D space, a special set of 9 numbers also known as the unit matrix Writing all these summation signs gets very tedious! see summation convention in Lecture 14 . * * *