计算机组成原理chapt5.pptVIP

哪些部件存放数据 存储器的分类 -- 各种分类法 存储器用来保存数据或程序, 有各种存储器. 有的 用来长期保存数据, 有的用来暂时保存, 有的用来参 加运算. 因此, 按存储器在计算机中的功能分类 寄存器: 用来参加运算 Cache: 用来暂时保存频繁使用的内容 主存储器: 用来暂时保存 外存储器 (辅助存储器): 用来长期保存数据,暂不用的 Memory Hierarchy Characteristics  of memory systems Capacity (存储单元数) Unit of transfer: CPU memory disk Access method分类: random, sequential, 半顺序, 只读 Physical type分类: magnetic, optical, semiconductor (disk,tape; CD,DVD; RAM,flash,cache) Performance Physical characteristics: volatile? erasable? decay (易失 可擦 衰减) Unit of Transfer Internal Usually governed by data bus width (如,32位的字) External Usually a block which is much larger than a word Addressable unit (of transfer) Smallest location which can be uniquely addressed Access Methods Access Methods (1) Random Individual addresses identify locations exactly Access time is independent of location or previous access e.g. RAM (Random Access Memory) Sequential Start at the beginning and read through in order Access time depends on location of data and previous location e.g. tape Access Methods (2) Direct (半顺序) Individual blocks have unique address Access is by jumping to vicinity plus sequential search Access time depends on location and previous location e.g. disk Semiconductor Memory Types 若计算机可编址的最小单位是字节, 则该计算机称为按字节寻址的计算机 若计算机可编址的最小单位是字, 则该计算机称为按字寻址的计算机 n位地址可表示的地址数是2n Performance (内存的性能用什么描述?) Memory cycle describes the performance of internal Memory Meaning of memory cycle time (for RAM) the time it takes to perform a read or write operation + additional time required before a second access can commence Memory cycle time = access time + recovery time Performance Access time (存取时间) ~ Memory cycle time (ns) the time between presenting the address and getting the valid data (一次读写的时间) Transfer Rate 每秒传多少位或多少字节 (bps, Bps) 已知存储周期, 可以知道数据传输速率, 只要知道一次传几位 例, suppose 32 bits are read/written at a time, memory cycle is 250ns, transfer rate is example If memory cycle is 250ns and 16 bits are read each