英语词汇学第8讲.ppt

English Lexicology Review of Lecture VII 1. Compounding: definition 2. Compounding: classification Noun compounds Adjective compounds Verb compounds 3. Meaning relationship Readings Task VII Check Chapter 4 of A Survey of English Lexicology Key points in the book will be discussed next week Lecture VIIIWord Building – Other Ways Lecture VIII Word Building – Other Ways 1. Back-formation 2. Shortening Clippings Initialisms Acronyms Blendings 3. Imitation 4. Analogy 5. Conclusion Back-formation This process is a reversal of the normal trend of word-formation by which a new word is formed by adding rather than subtracting elements. The majority of back-formed words are verbs. Back-formation There are two types of syntactic relation in verb compounds formed by backformation: (1) object + verb as sightsee (from sight-seeing); (2) adverbial + verb, as darkle (from darkling). Back-formations of all kinds, are more frequently found in informal than in formal language. Back-formation Examples edit from editor automate from automation enthuse from enthusiasm gloom from gloomy donate from donation brainwash from brainwashing sleep-walk from sleep-walking Shortening Four kins of shortening: clippings initialisms acronyms blendings Shortening: Clippings Clippings are those created by clipping part of the word (usually a noun), leaving only a piece of the old word. The clipped form is normally regarded as informal. Shortening: Clippings Types of clipping apocope: e.g. ad (advertisement), bike (bicycle) aphaeresis: e.g. burger (hamburger), phone (telephone) front and back clipping: e.g. flu (influenza), fridge (refrigerator) Shortening: Clippings More examples: ad = advertisement Expo = exposition phone = telephone pro = professional memo = memorandum tec = detective heli or copter = helicopter comfy = comfortable Shortening: Clipping