09Unit19-20英语国家社会与文化入门.ppt

Unit 19 WHISTLE-BLOWERS P. 297 Par 1 The pluralist theory of power Transparency and accountability透明度，责任制. Citizens have the right to be informed about the way in which the country is being governed. P. 298 Par 1 The elite theory of power A small group of people can control and manipulate resources, ideas, and information to stay in power. P. 297 Par 2 and 3 The elite might be a political, economic or knowledge elite. P. 297 Par 3 Ordinary people may be uninformed, politically passive, and easily distracted from key issues. P. 298 Par 5 Why was the role of the government increased from the 1880s to the 1980s? 1. Expansion of education, health, and social welfare services 2. Social security programs 3. Regulation of business 4. More complex legal systems P. 298 Par 7 A move away from “interventionism”. Rejection of “mixed economny” to a “competitive state”从混合经济到竞争经济 P. 299 Par 2 Changes 1. financial deregulation 2. privatization of public services 3. end of centralized wage fixing 4. cuts in public sector P. 299 Par 5 Contradiction of bureaucracy and citizenship: Minister: appointed by prime minister, or elected, not experts, at a disadvantage Department heads: appointed and promoted as experts, experienced P. 200 Par 1 Lack of clarity between policy decision-making and administrative decision-making 部长：政策 局长、处长：执行办法 Example: Reduce domestic violence P. 200 Par 4 A relatively inexperienced minister may be influenced through his Head of Department’s administrative expertise. P. 300 Par 5 bureaucratic ascendancy权力集中 Contradiction between bureaucracy and citizenship The search for equality of the redistributive kind breeds bureacracy; bureaucracy breeds authority; and autority undermines the equality which bred it. P. 301 Par 1-4 A study of power 1. Fathers of elite persons have high social status; 2. Three core elite groups: politicians, public servants, businessmen; 3. The three groups disagreed among themselves. P. 301 Par 5 Self-recruiting elite: They are