原子结构备课参考资源09.pptVIP

Chapter 2. Atomic Structure (原子結構) Historical Development of Atomic Theory In 1808. John Dalton: Atomic theory All matter is composed of small particles called atoms. An atom (原子): indivisible, retain its identity during chemical reactions An element (元素): A type of matter of only one kind of atom, e.g. hydrogen (H), oxygen (O) Dalton did not know there were sub-atomic particles in the atoms. electrons B. neutrons C. protons In 1869 Dmitri Mendeleev (Russian) J. Lothar Meyer (German) ? Periodic Table of Elements (元素週期表) Chapter 2 Atomic Structure Basic Quantum Mechanics (量子力學) Subatomic Particles The Electron J. J. Thomson credited with the discovery in 1897 Previously, atoms were believed to be the smallest particles William Morgan (1785)—passed current through a vacuum Produced a glow Luigi Galvani (1800)—first produced constant current from a battery Cu (wet salt solution) Sn Ecell = +0.48 V Michael Faraday (1836)—determines glow comes from the cathode Eugene Goldstein (1876)—coins the term “cathode ray” Thomson finds electron is negatively charged with 1/1836 mass of H Thomson’s Experiment Repulsion from negative pole of an electric field meant that the cathode rays must be negatively charged The amount of deflection was a function of the mass of the “ray” Since many different metals all produced the same “cathode rays,” all atoms must be made up of the same +/- particles G. F. FitzGerald renames cathode rays as Electrons The Nucleus Ernest Rutherford credited with discovering the Nucleus in 1911 He nuclei (a particle) were deflected as they passed through a Gold foil Conclusion: Heavy, tiny nucleus and much empty space in an atom The Proton Rutherford and Moseley quickly discovered the charge of the nucleus by X-ray emission in 1913 Z = the nuclear charge (or the atomic number) Atomic Spectra Balmer described the emission spectrum of H in 1885 . . n = principle quantum number = discrete allowed energies for H electrons