致力于发挥重要作用.ppt

Congestion can never be eliminated, but its adverse impacts can be mitigated. Congestion occurs when infrastructure capacity is inadequate to accommodate demand at a particular point in time. It manifests itself in two related ways. The average time required to complete a typical trip lengthens, and the variability in trip time increases significantly. Transport users can offset the first (at additional cost) by increasing the time they allow for the trip. But the second is much more difficult and expensive to offset since it cannot be predicted (except perhaps in a statistical sense.) Reducing demand: Reducing vehicle trips. Lessening the total amount of passenger vehicle travel involves removing the underlying need for travel – for example, by increasing the availability of telecommuting or reducing distances between destinations or accommodating the travel through some other form of transport. Changes in urban and regional planning and improvements to public transport or intermodal connections may thus have a positive effect on congestion levels despite the fact that such developments take time to have any significant effect. Although behavioral changes often prove extremely difficult to induce, increasing loads can be a means of reducing the total number of vehicles using a road for both passenger and freight travel. For the former, ride sharing (car pooling), or trip chaining are behaviors that reduce trips. High Occupancy Vehicle (HOV) lanes or restricted urban entry zones accessible only to vehicles with a minimum number of occupants are two other examples although their success is unclear. Parking cash-out programs in which employees (usually receiving free parking) who opt to ride share or choose another travel mode receive some financial benefit, are another. For freight travel, improvements in logistics-handling through IT or regional distribution centers can lead to reduced numbers of commercial trips. Smoothing demand. Tools that focus on curbing