天择 （Natural selection） 动物行为学（Ethology）.ppt

Ayo 教材 (動物行為學 2010) 天擇 (Natural selection) ─ 動物行為學(Ethology) 鄭先祐(Ayo) 國立 臺南大學 環境與生態學院 生態科學與技術學系 教授 Part 1. 動物行為的研究途徑 (個體行為) 歷史背景 (History of the Study of Animal Behavior ). 基因分析 (Genetic Analysis of Behavior ). 天擇 (Natural Selection and Behavior ). 學習與認知 (Learning and Cognition.) 生理分析 (Physiological Analysis) (一) 神經細胞 (Nerve Cells and Behavior ). (二) 內分泌系統 (The Endocrine System). 發育(The Development of Behavior ). 04 天擇 (Natural Selection) Natural selection Common misunderstandings Genetic variation Response to Natural selection The maintenance of variation Test hypotheses about natural selection and adaptation Funnel web spiders Funnel web spiders (Agelenidae) fit into the web building spider group. Their webs function as their primary hunting tool. The above picture shows its unique web design. It looks like a mass of silk with a hole, or funnel in the middle. Normally the spider sits at the end of the funnel waiting to pounce on a visiting insect. Darwin Finches Galapagos Finches Opossums (負鼠) North American opossums can benefit from proximity to human habitation. New Zealand robin (知更鳥) Male Texas field crickets A female digger wasp’s alternative nesting strategies and their outcomes But there is no way to determine whether the nest is abandoned or whether the resident is just out hunting Eventually the two females will meet and fight sometimes to the death, and winner takes all The two available strategies: to “dig” and to “enter” Three possible outcomes of a decision to dig Two possible outcomes of a decision to enter an existing burrow The digger wasp’s strategies to “dig” and to “enter” are a mixed ESS. Uta stansburiana Side-blotched lizards are some of the most abundant and commonly observed lizards in the deserts of western North America. Males often have bright throat colors. Orange-throated males establish large territories and accommodate multiple females. Yellow stripe throated males (sneakers) stay on the fringe of orange-throated li