pragmatics2【荐】.pptVIP

Definitions and background Pragmatics is the study of how more gets communicated than is said.Pragmatics is the study of speaker meaning.Pragmatic is the study of the expression of relative distance. deixis and distance Deixis is a technical term for one of the most basic things we do with utterances. It means ‘pointing’ via language. Any linguistic form used to accomplish this ‘pointing’ is called a deictic expression. Deictic expressions are also sometimes called indexicals. They are among the first forms to b spoken by very young children and can be used to indicate people via person deixis (‘me’, ‘you’), or location via spatial deixis (‘here’, ‘there’), or time via temporal deixis (‘now’, ‘then’). Temporal deixis  In contrast to ‘now’, the distal expression ‘then’ applies to both past and future time relative to the speaker’s present time.“November 22nd, 1963? I was in Scotland then.”“Dinner at 8:30 on Saturday? Okey, I’ll see you then.” reference we do know that words themselves don’t refer to anything. People refer. We might best think of reference as an act in which a speaker, or writer, uses linguistic forms to enable a listener, or reader, to identify something. Those linguistic forms are referring expressions, which can be proper nouns(for example, ‘Shakespeare’, ‘Cathy’, ‘Hawaii’), noun phrases which are definite(for example, ‘the author’, ‘the singer’,’the island’), or indefinite (for example, ‘a man’,’a woman’, ‘a b eautiful place’) , and pronouns (for example, ‘he’,’she’,’her’,’it’,’them’). Presupposition Presupposition is treated as a relationship between two propositions. If we say that the sentence in the sentence contains the proposition p and the sentence in the next sentence contains the proposition q.Mary’s dog is cut. =pMary has a dog. =qpqMary’s dog isn’t cute. =NOT PMary has a dog.NOT PqThis property of presupposition is generally described as constancy under negation. Ordered entailments Generally speaking, entailm