Control：control.ppt

CS 363 Comparative Programming Languages Statement Level Control Flow Topics Selection Statements Iterative Statements Unconditional Branching Guarded Commands Introduction Evolution: FORTRAN I control statements were based directly on IBM 704 hardware Much research and argument in the 1960s about the issue One important result: It was proven that all flowcharts can be coded with only two-way selection and pretest logical loops Introduction Def: A control structure is a control statement and the statements whose execution it controls Overall Design Question: What control statements should a language have, beyond selection and pretest logical loops? Sequential Control Flow Default control flow in most languages: stmt 1; stmt2 Execution of stmt 2 follows execution of stmt 1 Selection Statements A selection statement provides the means of choosing between two or more paths of execution Two general categories: Two-way selectors Multiple-way selectors Two-Way Selection Statements Design Issues: 1. What is the form and type of the control expression? 2. How are the then and else clauses specified? 3. How should the meaning of nested selectors be specified? Two-Way Selection Statements Examples FORTRAN IF: IF (boolean_expr) statement Problem: can select only a single statement; to select more, a GOTO must be used: IF (.NOT. condition) GOTO 20 ... 20 CONTINUE Negative logic is bad for readability This problem was solved in FORTRAN 77 Most later languages allow compounds for the selectable segment of their single-way selectors Two-Way Selection Statements Examples ALGOL 60 if: if (boolean_expr) then statement (the then clause) else statement (the else clause) The statements could be single or compound Two-Way Selection Statements Nested Selectors e.g. (Java) if ... if ... ... else ... Which if gets the else? Javas static semantics rule: else goes with the nearest if Two-Way Selection Statements FORTRAN 9