TheImmuneSystemPart3：第3部分：免疫系统.pptVIP

The Immune System Part 3 Alexander Martinez, Alissa Cowell, Aliza Goldstein Concept 43.4: The immune system’s ability to distinguish self from non self limits tissue transplantation Introduction/Blood In addition to attacking pathogens, the immune system will also attack cells from other individuals Ex. Skin grafts Blood Transfusions One source of potential problems with blood transfusions is an immune reaction from individuals with incompatible blood types. Ex. In the ABO blood groups, an individual with type A blood has A antigens on the surface of red blood cells. This is not recognized as an antigen by the “owner,” but it can be identified as foreign if placed in the body of another individual. B antigens are found on type B red blood cells. Both A and B antigens are found on type AB red blood cells. Neither antigen is found on type O red blood cells. A person with type A blood already has antibodies to the B antigen, even if the person has never been exposed to type B blood. These antibodies arise in response to bacteria (normal flora) that have epitopes very similar to blood group antigens. Immunoglobulins and the Major Hisotocompatibility Complex Immunoglobulins are antibodies used by the?immune system?to identify and neutralize foreign objects, such as?bacteria and?viruses. Major histocompatibility complex (MHC) molecules are responsible for stimulating rejection of tissue grafts and organ transplants. MHC creates a unique protein fingerprint for each individual foreign MHC molecules are antigenic, inducing immune responses against the donated tissue or organ. To minimize rejection, attempts are made to match MHC of tissue donor and recipient as closely as possible. In the absence of identical twins, siblings usually provide the closest tissue-type match. Continued In addition to MHC matching, various medicines are used to suppress the immune response to the transplant. However, this strategy leaves the recipient more susceptible to infection