dHt = HtA - HtB = 0 m.ppt

Gradients 309/m06gradients.ppt Dept of Agricultural Bioresource Engineering - - dHt = HtA - HtB = 0 m A 5 m -5 m 0 m B 8 m -8 m 0 m Hp Hz Ht dHt = HtA - HtB = 0 m A 5 m 5 m 10 m B 8 m 2 m 10 m Hp Hz Ht Ref is pool bottom Ref is pool surface Ref is 5 m below pool surface A 5 m 0 m 5 m B 8 m -3 m 5 m Hp Hz Ht dHt = HtA - HtB = 0 m Pressure and elevation head In certain systems water pressure is commonly expressed as height. This makes it convenient for estimation of flow potential as that of the effects of gravity upon flow can be easily accommodated as elevation head (Hz). Total pressure or total head is the summation of the two: Ht = Hp + Hz Comparison of the total water pressure between 2 different points in a flow system can be used to determine whether flow is occurring, in what direction and the magnitude of the driving force. Example 1: A tank of water 10 m deep has an angled pipe for emptying or filling attached to it. The pipe has two standpipes (vertical risers used to measure pressure by observing water height). The angled pipe is closed thus the heights of water in the two standpipes are the same and also the same water level as the surface of the pool. A B 5 m 8 m 5 m 2 m Water height above points of measurement (A, B) Distance above pool bottom Valve is closed Although in this visual example it is obvious that there is no flow occurring in many systems this is not known and thus reliance must be upon such pressure measurements. Determination of flow is by comparison of the total pressures between points of measurement. Hp is the height of water or pressure head, above the point of measurement and Hz is the elevation of the point of measurement relative to a reference plane. The three tables below show that it does not matter what the plane of reference is the difference between the two points, A and B, is always the same. 10 m 1 Hydraulic Gradients: Determination of direction of groundwater flow Distance above po